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Material:Drain-waste-vent pip - ABS Functional Units:1 foot of 3" ID pipe with 50 years service life
LCA Stage:Cradle to Site
Impact Category: Human Health Toxic Exposures Impact Units:disability adjusted life years (DALYs)
Sources:
Note: This list doesn't include 'Inactive' sources.
Source Stakeholder Submission Contributes Qualitative Information Contributes Quantitative Information
Evaluation of respiratory effects of thermal decomposition products following single and repeated exposures of guinea pigs. No No No
Organic solvent neurotoxicity, facts and research needs. No No No
Toxicity of the components of styrene polymers: Polystyrene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) and styrene-butadiene-rubber (SBR). Reactants and additives. No No No
Comparison of breath, blood and urine concentrations in the biomonitoring of environmental exposure to 1,3-butadiene, 2,5-dimethylfuran, and benzene No No No
Biological exposure limits estimated from relations between occupational styrene exposure during a workweek and excretion of mandelic and phenylglyoxylic acids in urine. No No No
Blood styrene concentrations in a "normal" population and in exposed workers 16 hours after the end of the workshift. No No No
Time/toxicity relationships in short-term static, dynamic, and plug-flow bioassays. No No No
Environmental fate and effects of styrene No No No
Chronic toxicity of acrylonitrile and acetonitrile to Daphnia magna in 14-d and 21-d toxicity tests No No No
Neuroendocrine effects of styrene on occupationally exposed workers. No Yes No
Cytogenetic and hematological effects in plastics workers exposed to styrene. No No No
Spontaneous abortions and congenital malformations among the wives of men occupationally exposed to organic solvents. No No No
Monitoring occupational exposure to styrene from hemoglobin adducts and metabolites in blood No No No
Development of Emission Factors for Polycarbonate Processing No No No
Exposure to styrene. Uptake, distribution, metabolism and elimination in man. No No Yes
Styrene exposure and the liver. No No No
Behavioral Changes After Long-Term Exposure to Organic Solvents and Their Mixtures: Determining Factors and Research Results. No No No
Acrylonitrile. No No No
Audiometric Findings in Workers Exposed to Low Levels of Styrene and Noise No No No
Sampling and analysis of volatile organic compounds evolved during thermal processing of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene composite resins No Yes Yes
Characterization of Emissions from Diffusion Flare Systems No No No
Exposure assessment for a study of workers exposed to acrylonitrile. I. Job exposure profiles: A computerized data management system. No No No
Species differences in the distribution of inhaled butadiene in tissues. No No No
Concentrations and Sources of Volatile Organic Compounds in Urban Domestic and Public Microenvironments No No No
Investigation of a Long-Term Sampling Period for Monitoring Volatile Organic Compounds in Ambient Air No No No
Styrene Oxide in Blood, Hemoglobin Adducts, and Urinary Metabolites in Human Volunteers Exposed to C-Styrene Vapors No No No
Concentrations and Sources of VOCs in Urban Domestic and Public Microenvironments No No No
Environmental exposure to 1,3-butadiene: A human health perspective No No No
Environmental exposure to volatile organic compounds among workers in Mexico City as assessed by personal monitors and blood concentrations No No No
An Assessment of Air Toxics in Minnesota No No No
Biomarkers: Coming of age for environmental health and risk assessment No No No
Recent Chemical Exposures and Blood Volatile Organic Compound Levels in a Large Population-Based Sample No No No
A comprehensive evaluation of the potential health risks associated with occupational and environmental exposure to styrene.[erratum appears in J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 2002 Jul-Sep;5(3):335]. [Review] [223 refs] No No No
Biodegradation of styrene in samples of natural environments. No No No
Environmental contaminants and reproductive toxicity: A review No No No
Environmental pollutants in relation to complications of pregnancy No No No
Dermal absorption of organic chemical vapors in rats and humans. No No No
Chronic toxicity and three-generation reproduction study of styrene monomer in the drinking water of rats. No No No
Respiratory morbidity of pattern and model makers exposed to wood, plastic, and metal products. No No No
Objectives, designs and populations of the European Asclepios study on occupational hazards to male reproductive capability. No No No
Exposure-effect and exposure-response relationships between occupational exposure to styrene and neuropsychological functions. No No No
Spontaneous abortions among women employed in the plastics industry. No No No
Cytogenetic evaluation of bone marrow cells from rats exposed to styrene vapor for one year. No No No
Alteration in the biliary and urinary excretion of acetaminophen metabolites by nephrotoxicants in rats. No No No
Change in semen quality and sperm chromatin structure following occupational styrene exposure. ASCLEPIOS.[comment]. No No No
Induced tolerance to acrylonitrile toxicity by prior acrylonitrile exposure. No No No
Effects of acrylonitrile on tissue glutathione concentrations in rat, mouse, and hamster. No No No
Occupational risk to male reproduction.[comment]. [Review] [17 refs] No No No
Possible role of lipid peroxidation in the actions of acrylonitrile on the adrenals, liver and gastrointestinal tract. No No No
Embryo/fetotoxicity of styrene in rats. No No No
VOC concentrations measured in personal samples and residential indoor, outdoor and workplace microenvironments in EXPOLIS-Helsinki, Finland No No No
Evaluation of the nephrotoxic potential of styrene in man and in rat. No No No
Review of cadmium in plastic waste in Sweden. No No No
Case-cohort study of styrene exposure and ischemic heart disease. No No No
Adrenal-dependent leucopenia after short-term exposure to various airborne irritants in rats. No No No
Emissions from processing thermoplastics No No Yes
Biological monitoring of acrylonitrile exposure. No No No
Expression of ras (p21) protein in plasma from exposed workers and from patients with lung disease. No No No
Acrylonitrile inhalation in rats: II. Excretion of thioethers and thiocyanate in urine. No No No
Toxicity of acrylonitrile in a human neuroblastoma cell line and its effect on glutathione and glutathione-S-transferase. No No No
Use of duckweed (Lemna minor L.) growth inhibition test to evaluate the toxicity of acrylonitrile, sulphocyanic sodium and acetonitrile in China No No No
Effect of styrene on monoamine oxidase B activity in rat brain. No No No
The effects of acrylonitrile on hemoglobin and red cell metabolism. No No No
Acrylonitrile-induced gastric mucosal necrosis: role of gastric glutathione. No No No
Effect of acrylonitrile on the procoagulant activity of rat lung. No No No
Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of acrylonitrile (CAS No. 107-13-1) in B6C3F1 mice (gavage studies). No No No
Intervention study on acquired color vision deficiencies in styrene-exposed workers. No No No
Styrene: Environmental health criteria 26. No No No
Controlling air emissions from equipment leaks: Results of industry wide surveys of 1,3-butadiene, ethylene oxide, and phosgene production facilities. No No No
Penetration of protective clothing materials by 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane, ethylene dibromide, and acrylonitrile. No No No
The TEAM study: Personal exposures to toxic substances in air, drinking water, and breath of 400 residents of New Jersey, North Carolina, and North Dakota. No No No
Reproductive and developmental toxicity of styrene. No No No
Ototoxic effects of occupational exposure to styrene and co-exposure to styrene and noise. No No No
Experimental pharmacokinetics and toxicology of acrylonitrile. No No No
Occupational exposure to styrene in Norway, 1972-1996. No No No
Hemoglobin adducts from acrylonitrile and ethylene oxide in cigarette smokers: effects of glutathione S-transferase T1-null and M1-null genotypes. No No No
Induction of a permeability transition in rat kidney mitochondria by pentachlorobutadienyl cysteine: a beta-lyase-independent process. No No No
Refinements to physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model for styrene.[comment]. No No No
Synthesis and characterization of peptide adducts for use in monitoring human exposure to acrylonitrile and ethylene oxide. No No No
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in combustion residues from 1,3-butadiene No No No
Changes in cellular immunity among workers occupationally exposed to styrene in a plastics lamination plant. No No No
Cumulative exposure to styrene and visual functions. No No No
A study on toxic organic emissions from batch combustion of styrene No No No
Styrene: An occupational hazard. No No No
Analysis of the spectra of genetic activity in short-term tests. No No No
Styrene-induced peripheral neuropathy. No No No
Chemoprotection and interindividual differences in response to biological reactive intermediates. [Review] [27 refs] No No No
Serum hepatic biochemical activity in two populations of workers exposed to styrene. No No No
Relation between colour vision loss and occupational styrene exposure level. No No No
Relation between colour vision loss and occupational styrene exposure level.[comment]. No No No
The toxicity of styrene to the nasal epithelium of mice and rats: studies on the mode of action and relevance to humans. No No No
Acute acrylonitrile toxicity: studies on the mechanism of the antidotal effect of D- and L-cysteine and their N-acetyl derivatives in the rat. No No No
Haemoglobin adducts of epoxybutanediol from exposure to 1,3-butadiene or butadiene epoxides. No No No
Hemoglobin adducts as biomarkers of 1,3-butadiene in occupationally low exposed Italian workers and a few diesel-exposed miners. No No No
Species differences in the metabolism of olefins: implications for risk assessment. [Review] [22 refs] No No No
Assessment of the acute acrylonitrile-induced neurotoxicity in rats. No No No
Determination of hemoglobin adducts in humans occupationally exposed to acrylamide. No No No
Clastogenic effects of 1,3-butadiene and its metabolites 1,2-epoxybutene and 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane in splenocytes and germ cells of rats and mice in vivo. No No No
Effect of dosing vehicle on the toxicity and metabolism of unsaturated aliphatic nitriles. No No No
Effect of subchronic ethanol ingestion on styrene-induced damage to the tracheal and pulmonary epithelium of the rat. No No No
Chronic toxicity/oncogenicity study of styrene in CD-1 mice by inhalation exposure for 104 weeks. No No No
Acrylonitrile: in vivo metabolism in rats and mice. No No No
Acrylonitrile-induced gastrointestinal hemorrhage and the effects of metabolism modulation in rats. No No No
Dose dependence of covalent binding of acrylonitrile to tissue protein and globin in rats. No No No
Relative neurotoxicological properties of five unsaturated aliphatic nitriles in rats. No No No
Comparison of toluene-induced and styrene-induced hearing losses. No No No
Mutagenic potential of adenine N(6) adducts of monoepoxide and diolepoxide derivatives of butadiene. No No No
Acrylonitrile enhances H2O2-mediated DNA damage via nitrogen-centered radical formation. No No No
NTP announces bioassay results. No No No
Fertility outcome in some Swedish groups occupationally exposed to chemicals. No No No
Biological markers of acute acrylonitrile intoxication in rats as a function of dose and time. No No No
Evaluation of three retrospective exposure assessment methods. No No No
Solvent ototoxicity in the rat and guinea pig. No No No
Hemoglobin adducts of acrylamide and acrylonitrile in laboratory workers, smokers and nonsmokers. No No No
Metabolic capacity and interindividual variation in toxicokinetics of styrene in volunteers. No No No
Sperm production of men working under heavy-metal or organic-solvent exposure. No No No
Toxicology and epidemiology of 1,3-butadiene. [Review] [239 refs] No No No
Glutamine synthetase activity in rat urine as sensitive marker to detect S3 segment-specific injury of proximal tubule induced by xenobiotics. No No No
Effects of prenatal and postnatal exposure to styrene dimers and trimers on reproductive function in rats. No No No
A mechanistic assessment of 1,3-butadiene diepoxide-induced inhibition of uterine deciduoma proliferation in pseudopregnant rats. No No No
Acute behavioral effects of solvent exposure. No No No
Clinical and neurobehavioural study of the acute and chronic neurotoxicity of styrene. No No No
Neuropsychiatric effects of low exposure to styrene. No No No
Raised serum bile acid concentrations after occupational exposure to styrene: A possible sign of hepatotoxicity. No No No
Peripheral markers of neurochemical function among workers exposed to styrene. No No No
Macromolecular adducts caused by environmental chemicals. No No No
Glutamine transaminase K intranephron localization in rats determined by urinary excretion after treatment with segment-specific nephrotoxicants. No No No
Styrene hepatotoxicity in rats treated by inhalation or intraperitoneally: a structural investigation. No No No
Mortality study of workers exposed to dimethylformamide and/or acrylonitrile. No No No
Health profiles of workers exposed to acrylonitrile. No No No
Unusual occupational toxins. [Review] [145 refs] No No No
Evaluation of a possible styrene-induced damage to the haematopoietic tissues in the rat. No No No
Possible impact of human CYP2E1 polymorphisms on the metabolism of acrylonitrile. No No No
Acquired dyschromatopsia among styrene-exposed workers. No No No
Effect of chronic exposure to acrylonitrile on subjective symptoms. No No No
Biomonitoring of occupational exposure to styrene in a plastics lamination plant. No No No
Species differences in acrylonitrile metabolism and toxicity between experimental animals and humans based on observations in human accidental poisonings. [Review] [37 refs] No No No
Comparative chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity of acrylonitrile by drinking water and oral intubation to Spartan Sprague-Dawley rats. No No No
Chronic toxicity/oncogenicity study of styrene in CD rats by inhalation exposure for 104 weeks. No No No
Effects of prenatal exposure to styrene on neurochemical levels in rat brain. No No No
Characterization of hepatocellular resistance and susceptibility to styrene toxicity in B6C3F1 mice. No No No
Hemoglobin adducts of epoxybutene in workers occupationally exposed to 1,3-butadiene. No No No
Effects of styrene monomer and trimer on gonadal sex differentiation of genetic males of the frog Rana rugosa. No No No
Hemoglobin adducts of ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, acrylonitrile and acrylamide-biomarkers in occupational and environmental medicine. No No No
Three-generation reproduction study of rats receiving acrylonitrile in drinking water. No No No
Urinary excretion of acrylonitrile and its metabolites in rats. No No No
Somatic and germ cell effects in rats and mice after treatment with 1,3-butadiene and its metabolites, 1,2-epoxybutene and 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane. No No No
Butadiene: species comparison for metabolism and genetic toxicology. [Review] [94 refs] No No No
Mechanism of neurobehavioral alteration. [Review] [22 refs] No No No
Effects of low-level occupational exposure to styrene on color vision: dose relation with a urinary metabolite. No No No
Lymphocyte phenotype analysis and chromosome aberration frequency of workers occupationally exposed to styrene, benzene, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons or mixed solvents. No No No
Testosterone in sera of workers exposed to acrylonitrile. No No No
Human cytogenetic biomonitoring of occupational exposure to 1,3-butadiene. No No No
The rodent dominant lethal assay: regulatory questions concerning appraisal of an industrial chemical as exemplified by 1,3-butadiene. No No No
Reproductive toxicity of 1,3-butadiene in the mouse: cytogenetic analysis of chromosome aberrations in first-cleavage embryos and flow cytometric evaluation of spermatogonial cell killing. No No No
Diepoxybutane cytotoxicity on mouse germ cells is enhanced by in vivo glutathione depletion: a flow cytometric approach. No No No
Genotoxic effects of butadiene in mouse lung cells detected by an ex vivo micronucleus test. No No No
Influence of polymorphisms of the human glutathione transferases and cytochrome P450 2E1 enzyme on the metabolism and toxicity of ethylene oxide and acrylonitrile. No No No
Effects of prenatal styrene exposure on postnatal development and brain serotonin and catecholamine levels in rats. No No No
Functional and morphological effects of styrene on the auditory system of the rat. No No No
Sperm-FISH analysis and human monitoring: a study on workers occupationally exposed to styrene. No No No
Effects of various pretreatments on the acute nephrotoxic potential of styrene in Fischer-344 rats. No No No
Model-based time extrapolation for quantal response studies. No No No
Bone marrow and renal injury associated with haloalkene cysteine conjugates in calves. No No No
Analysis of micronuclei induced by 1,3-butadiene and its metabolites using fluorescence in situ hybridization. No No No
Exposure to hydrocarbons and renal disease: an experimental animal model. No No No
Combined effects of exposure to styrene and ethanol on the auditory function in the rat. No No No
Styrene-induced hearing loss: a membrane insult. No No No
Effects of acrylonitrile on rat liver cytochrome P-450, benzo(a)pyrene metabolism and serum hormone levels. No No No
Modulation of acrylonitrile-induced embryotoxicity in vitro by glutathione depletion. No No No
Combined effects of noise and styrene exposure on hearing function in the rat. No No No
Testicular effects of acrylonitrile in mice. No No No
Health risk assessment of chemical mixtures from a research perspective. No No No
Occupational contact dermatitis due to acrylonitrile. No No No
Inhalation toxicity and carcinogenicity of isoprene in rats and mice: comparisons with 1,3-butadiene. [Review] [22 refs] No No No
Review of reproductive and developmental toxicity of 1,3-butadiene. [Review] [26 refs] No No No
Possible reproductive toxicity of styrene in peripubertal male mice. No No No
Impairment of neurobehavioral function and color vision loss among workers exposed to low concentration of styrene--a review of literatures. [Review] [24 refs] No No No
Is the aged rat ear more susceptible to noise or styrene damage than the young ear?. No No No
Respiratory tract dosimetry modeling of air toxics. No No No
Study of cancer incidence and air toxics controllability in five U.S. Cities. No No No
Effects of inhaled acrylic acid derivatives in rats. No No No
A study on reference standard for cytotoxicity assay of biomaterials. No No No
Studies on the molecular toxicology of buta-1,3-diene and isoprene epoxides. No No No
Comparison of the mutagenic potency of 1,3-butadiene at the hprt locus of T-lymphocytes following inhalation exposure of female B6C3F1 mice and F344 rats. No No No
Comparative toxicity of known and putative metabolites of 1, 3-butadiene in human CD34(+) bone marrow cells. No No No
Color vision: a sensitive indicator of exposure to neurotoxins. [Review] [50 refs] No No No
Styrene-induced changes in amacrine retinal cells: an experimental study in the rat. No No No
Sites and mechanisms for uptake of gases and vapors in the respiratory tract. [Review] [25 refs] No No No
Effects of the structure of a toxicokinetic model of butadiene inhalation exposure on computed production of carcinogenic intermediates. No No No
Risk assessment for butadiene: introductory and summary comments. No No No
The role of cytochromes P-450 in styrene induced pulmonary toxicity and carcinogenicity. No No No
Compilation of air pollutant emission factors, third edition, supplement 13 (including supplements 1-7). No No No
A health risk benchmark for the neurologic effects of styrene: comparison with NOAEL/LOAEL approach. No No No
Effect of inhaled industrial chemicals on systemic and local immune response. No No No
Biochemical and developmental effects in rats following in utero exposure to acrylonitrile: a preliminary report. No No No
Pulmonary toxicity of acrylonitrile: covalent interaction and effect on replicative and unscheduled DNA synthesis in the lung. No No No
Endocrine Disruptors and the Environment No No No
Health assessment document for acrylonitrile. No No No
Ambient Water Quality Criteria for the Protection of Human Health: Acrylonitrile No No No
TRACI: The Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and Other Environmental Impacts No No No
Intake fraction for multimedia pollutants: a tool for life cycle analysis and comparative risk assessment No No Yes
ETH-ESU 96 Unit processes database. In: Simapro6 No No Yes
Franklin database. In: Simapro6 No No Yes
Compilation of cancer potency factors and acceptable daily intake values No No Yes
Human toxicity potentials for life cycle analysis and toxics release inventory risk screening. No Yes No
IDEMAT. In: Simapro6 No No No
Data Archive library. In: SimaPro6 No No No
Industry Data library. In: SimaPro6 No Yes No
SimaPro 6 No No Yes
National-Scale Air Toxics Assessment for 1996: Appendix H Estimating Carcinogenic Potency for Mixtures of Polycyclic Organic Matter (POM) for the 1996 National-Scale Assessment. No No Yes
Locating and estimating air emissions from sources of polycyclic organic matter No No Yes
Toxic release inventory public data release No Yes No
Ecoprofiles of the European plastics industry, report 13 , Co-polymers of Acrylonitrile-Butadiene- Styrene (ABS) and Styrene-Acrylonitrile (SAN), October 1997. No No Yes
Biological monitoring in occupational expsoure to low levels of 1,3-butadiene No No Yes