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Material:Drain-waste-vent pip - Rigid PVC Functional Units:1 foot of 3" ID pipe with 50 years service life
LCA Stage:Disposal/End-of-life
Impact Category: Human Health Toxic Exposures Impact Units:disability adjusted life years (DALYs)
Sources:
Note: This list doesn't include 'Inactive' sources.
Source Stakeholder Submission Contributes Qualitative Information Contributes Quantitative Information
Life Cycle Assessment of Polyvinyl Chloride and Alternatives: Summary Report No No No
Short-term adverse health effects in a community exposed to a large polyvinylchloride plastics fire. No Yes No
Pollutants in incineration flue gas. No No No
Mildest organochlorines still cause toxic pollution.[comment]. No No No
Long-term psychological distress among chemically exposed firefighters. No Yes No
Acute health effects among firefighters exposed to a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) fire. No Yes No
Psychological response of firefighters to a chemical fire. No No No
Synthetic polymers: main classes of plastics and their current uses. No No No
Evaluation of the pulmonary toxicity of plasticized polyvinyl chloride thermal decomposition products in guinea pigs by repeated CO2 challenges. No No No
Thermal decomposition products of PVC plastics: effects on guinea pig lung mechanics and pulmonary mixed function oxidase activity. No No No
Phosgene in the thermal decomposition products of poly(vinyl chloride): Generation, detection and measurement. No No No
Development of methodologies to assess the relative hazards from thermal decomposition products of polymeric materials. No No No
An approach to the toxicology of combustion products of materials. No No No
Polyvinyl chloride toxicity in fires. Hydrogen chloride toxicity in fire fighters. No No No
Life Cycle Assessment of Polyvinyl Chloride and Alternatives:Summary Report for Consultation No No No
UK Response to the European Commission's Green Paper on environmental issues of PVC No No No
LCA of PVC. No No No
Life Cycle Assessment of PVC and Alternative Materials, an overview No No No
Dioxin From Cradle to Grave - Recommendations Yes No No
Plastics streams in Germany—an analysis of production, consumption and waste generation No No No
Uncertainty in Life Cycle Impact Assessment of Toxic Releases Impact Assessment of Toxic Releases in a Substance Flow Analysis for PVC in Sweden No No No
Life cycle assessments of PVC products :green guides to ecological sustainability / No No No
PVC :a primary contributor to the U.S. dioxin burden No No No
PVC and the environment. No No No
PVC in perspective :the facts. Yes No No
Planning for the sunset : a case study for eliminating dioxins by phasing out PVC plastics / No No No
PVC :toxic waste in disguise / No No No
Effect of chlorine content in feeding wastes of incineration on the emission of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans No No No
Effect of copper chloride on the emissions of PCDD/Fs and PAHs from PVC combustion No No No
Formation of PCDDs, PCDFs, and Coplanar PCBs from Polyvinyl Chloride during Combustion in an Incinerator No No No
PAH emission from the incineration of three plastic wastes No No No
Pollutants in incineration flue gas No No No
Formation of Dioxins during the Combustion of Newspapers in the Presence of Sodium Chloride and Poly(vinyl chloride) No No No
Pyrolysis kinetics of waste PVC pipe No No No
Formation of heavy metal species during PVC-containing simulated MSW incineration No No No
Effect of Water Quality Parameters on the Migration of Vinyl Chloride Monomer from Unplasticized PVC Pipes No No No
Formation of dioxins (PCDDs/PCDFs) by dioxin-free fly ash as a catalyst and relation with several chlorine-sources No No No
Effects of chlorides on emissions of hydrogen chloride formation in waste incineration No No No
Does co-combustion of PVC and other plastics lead to enhanced formation of PCDD/F? No No No
Dioxin and furan residues in wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus) following a large scale polyvinyl chloride (PVC) fire No No No
Opportunities to phase out PVC No No No
Update on smoke toxicity of vinyl compounds. No No No
The emission of dioxins and related compounds from the incineration of municipal solid wastes with high contents of organic chlorine (PVC). No No No
Combustion of polyvinylchloride - an important source for the formation of PCDD/PCDF. No No No
The Relationship Between Chlorine in Waste Streams and Dioxin Emissions from Waste Combustor Stacks No No No
Hazardous Waste Management: A Comparison of Dioxin, Furan and Combustion Gas Data from Test Programs at Three MSW Incinerators No No No
Role of Combustion and Sorbent Parameters in Prevention of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxin and Polychlorinated Dibenzofuran Formation during Waste Combustion No No No
Emissions of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans from the Open Burning of Household Waste in Barrels No No No
Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Divensofurans in Sediments from Siskiwit Lake, Isle Royale No No No
Vinyl chloride No No No
PVC and the Environment No No No
Charles River Associates report for the Chlorine No No No
Impacts of Chlorine Use of Environmental and Public Health" (A Science Report to Governor John Engler) No No No
Combustion and gasification properties of plastics particles No No No
Exploratory study on the combustion and PAH emissions of selected municipal waste plastics No No No
Emissions of organic air toxics from open burning: a comprehensive review Yes No No
Emissions from a controlled fire in municipal solid waste bales Yes No No
Formation of chlorinated and brominated dioxins and other organohalogen compounds at the pilot incineration plant VERONA Yes No No
Variables Affecting Emissions of PCDDs/Fs from Uncontrolled Combustion of Household Waste in Barrels Yes No No
Open burning of domestic wastes:The single largest source of dioxin to air? Yes No No
Suppressing effect of CaCO3 on the dioxins emission from poly(vinyl chloride)(PVC)incineration Yes No No
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF TOXIC COMPOUNDS FORMED FROM COMBUSTION OF SOME PLASTIC MATERIALS AND NEWSPAPER Yes No No
Effect of chlorine content in feeding wastes of incineration on the emission of polychlorinated dibenzo-p dioxins / dibenzofurans Yes No No
Emission of polyaromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans from fires of wood chips Yes No No
Waste plastics as supplemental fuel in the blast furnace process: improving combustion efficiencies Yes No No
PVC and sustainability Yes No No
Dioxin characterisation, formation and minimisation during municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration: review Yes No No
Formation of dioxin analogs by open-air incineration of waste wood and by fire of buildings and houses concerning Hanshin Great Earthquake in Japan Yes No No
Role of Inorganic Chlorides in Formation of PCDDs, PCDFs, and Coplanar PCBs from Combustion of Plastics, Newspaper, and Pulp in an Incinerator Yes No No
Emissions of PCDD/F from uncontrolled, domestic waste burning Yes No No
Fundamental study of the behavior of chlorine during the combustion of single RDF Yes No No
Large-scale fires and time trends of PCDDs?DFs in sediments Yes No No
The influence of level and chlorine source on the formation of mono- to octa-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls during combustion of an artifical municipal waste Yes No No
A new technology for treatment of PVC waste Yes No No
Toxic chlorinated and polyaromatic hydrocarbons in simulated house fires Yes No No
Mutagenic substances in pyrolysate obtained by burning polyvinylchloride-product at 1000 degrees C Yes No No
Comparative evaluation of techniques for controlling the formation and emission of chlorinated dioxins / furans in municipal waste incineration. Review Yes No No
Evaluation of the available air pollution control technologies for achievement of the MACT requirements in the newly implemented new source performance standards (NSPS) and emission guidelines (EG) for hospital and medical/infectious waste incinerato Yes No No
DIOXIN AND FURAN RESIDUES IN WOOD MICE (APODEMUS SYLVATICUS) FOLLOWING A LARGE SCALE POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC) FIRE Yes No No
Control of dioxin, furan, and mercury emissions from municipal waste combustors Yes No No
FIRE -- A database on chemical warehouse fires Yes No No
Dioxin and dibenzofuran formation following a fire at a plastic storage warehouse in Binghamton, New York in 1995 Yes No No
Generation of dioxins from waste plastics combustion in afluidized bed incinerator Yes No No
Organic emissions from co-combustion of RDF with wood chips and milled peat in a bubbling fluidized bed boiler Yes No No
A comparison of dioxin, furan and combustion gas data from test programs at three MSW incinerators Yes No No
Organic compounds in the flue gas of a hazardous waste incinerator Yes No No
Influence of level and form of chlorine on the formation of chlorinated dioxins,dibenzofurans, and benzenes during combustion of an artificial fuel in a laboratory reactor Yes No No
Does co-combustion of PVC and other plastics lead to enhanced formation of PCDD/F? Yes No No
Formation of chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons by thermal decomposition of vinylidenechloride polymer Yes No No
Behaviour of dioxins and precursors in industrial waste incineration Yes No No
PVC Stratety: Status Report and Future Initiative Yes No No
Evaluation of the of pcdd/pcdf and pops in wastes and their potential to enter the food chain Yes No No
The Relationship Between Chlorine in Waste Streams and Dioxin Emmissions From Waste Combustor Stacks. The design, oversight,and peer review of the study by 25 combustion experts from around the world was conducted by ASME. Note Currently in USGBC Yes No No
Burn Barrel Work Group Strategy/Implementation plan for Reducing the Prevalence of Household Trash Burning (Barrel Burning) in Rural Areas of the Great Lakes Yes Yes No
PVC in House Fires the Great Unknown Source of Dioxin Yes No No
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Regulation, " Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources and Emission Guidelines for Existing Sources: Hospital/ Medical/ Infectious Waste Incinerators; Final Rule, Yes No No
Air contaminants encountered by firefighters. Yes No No
Toxicity of Pyroysis Gases from Some Synthetic Polymers. Yes No No
Respiratory responses of mice exposed to thermal decomposition products from polymers heated at and above workplace processing temperatures. Yes No No
Life Cycle Assessment of PVC Products: A Green Guide to Ecological Sustainability Yes No No
Mechanism of thermal stabilization of PVC by organotin compounds: Scavenging of chlorine atoms Yes No No
Estimating Exposures to Dioxin-like Compounds, Volumes I-III,Review Draft Yes No No
Dioxins in the Environment: Pollution Paper #27 Yes No No
Role of inorganic chlorine in the formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-pdioxins/dibenzofurans from residual carbon on incinerator fly ash Yes No No
Toxiccombustion by-products from the incineration of chlorinated hydrocarbons and plastics Yes No No
The role of gas-phase Cl2 in the formation of PCDD/PCDF during waste combustion Yes No No
Characterization of dioxins and furans from ethylene dichloride, vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride facilities in the United States:resin, treated wastewater and ethylene dichloride. Yes No No
Environmental fate of combustion-generated polychlorinated dioxins and furans Yes No No
Comparisons of estimated human body burdens of dioxinlikechemicals and TCDD body burdens in experimentally exposed animals Yes No No
Waste Analysis Sheet: heavy ends from the distillation of ethylene dichlorine in ethylene dichlorideproduction Yes No No
Organic emissions from co-combustion of mixed plastics with coal in a bubbling fluidized bed boiler Yes No No
Impacts on the Environment From the Manufacture, Use and Disposal andSubstitution of PVC Yes No No
Formation of Dioxins and Related Compounds in Industrial Processes Yes No No
Evaluation of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans emissions from vinylchloride-monomer production Yes No No
Comparison of cytochromeP4501A1 induction with the chemical composition of fly ash from combustion of chlorine containingmaterial Yes No No
Evaluation of Emissions from the Open Burning of Household Waste in Barrels : Volume 1, Technical Report Yes No No
Influence of operating parameters and fuel type onPCDD/F emissions from a fluidized bed incinerator Yes No No
Formation of PCDD/PCDF: effect of fuel and fly ashcomposition on the formation of PCDD/PCDF in the co-combustion of refuse-derived and packaging-derived fuels Yes No No
Self-reported short-and long-term respiratory effects in PVC-exposed firefighters Yes No No
Emissions of polychlorianted dibenzo-p-dioxins anddibenzofurans in flue gas from co-combustion of mixed plastics with coal and bark Yes No No
Sources of dioxin-like compounds and background exposure levels Yes No No
Fire and VC Yes No No
Compilation of cancer potency factors and acceptable daily intake values No No No
Human toxicity potentials for life cycle analysis and toxics release inventory risk screening. No No No
New York may join growing number of states banning backyard trash burns. No Yes No
Pulmonary function in firefighters: A six-year follow-up in the Boston fire department. No Yes No
Statistical abstract of the United States No No Yes
Summary report on burn barrels. Prepared for the Western Lake Superior Sanitary District (Minnesota). No Yes No
The transport of hydrogen chloride by soot from burning polyvinyl chloride No No No
Transport of Hydrogen Chloride by Water Aerosol in Simulated Fire No No No